the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Loss of appetite. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. People who suffer from insomnia might limit their use of stimulant drugs (such as caffeine) or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Delusions. The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Causes. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. . Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Weakness and fatigue. Confusion. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). Guilleminault et al. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. a - a mole that looks cancerous. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Upset stomach and vomiting. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Some people who have injected many times into their arms will show track marks, while other users will inject into areas between their fingers or between their toes, so as not to show obvious track marks and, like all abusers of intravenous drugs, have an increased risk for contraction of both tuberculosis and HIV. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind Has something like this ever happened to you? The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). In this section, we will discuss each of these stages of sleep and their associated patterns of brain wave activity. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. 0. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . Thirst. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. . Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. 23. Treatment. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. B) the cause of the problem. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy.

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