characteristics of ethiopian agriculture
In addition, the rugged topography of the highlands, the brief but extremely heavy rainfalls that characterize many areas, and centuries-old farming practices that do not include conservation measures have accelerated soil erosion in much of Ethiopia's highland areas. Specific Characteristics of Agriculture and the Need to Treat - IATP State farms sold their output to the AMC. However, it is also one of the poorest, with a per capita gross national income of $960. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Citation: Kehali Jembere, Tekalign Mamo and Kibebew Kibret, 2017. Production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture Penn State Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. By 1990 the state had begun to develop large poultry farms, mostly around Addis Ababa, to supply hotels and government institutions. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Furthermore, the GOE vowed to begin exporting wheat to neibhouring countries by 2023 by tapping into the huge production potential due to its various favorable agro-ecologies and through expansion of wheat production area under irrigation to achieve self-sufficiency and reduce wheat imports. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Characteristics of Agriculture | PDF | Intensive Farming - Scribd It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Total required investment costs for the IAIPs stand at U.S. $870 million and initial investment costs are estimated at U.S. $266 million. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. <i>Objective</i>. This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. The mixed agriculture exhibits several subsystems. juice processing, milling machines, extruders for soybean oil). Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. Ethiopia Agriculture Market Analysis - Industry Report - Trends, Size In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. Cookies on OCLC websites. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. [7] According to the Central Statistical Agency (CSA), in 2008 the average Ethiopian farmer holds 1.2 hectares of land, with 55.13% of them holding less than 1.0 hectare. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. Consequently, the country faced a famine that resulted in the death of nearly 1 million people from 1984 to 1986. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Under the current administration, the GOE has renewed its emphasis to develop the agriculture sector, ensure food security, and achieve import substition. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. The plough shaft, beam and ploughshare are made of wood and the sickle, pick axe, plow are made of metal. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Ethiopia sources cotton mainly from India and other international suppliers. (2013). PDF Crop Production in Ethiopia: Reginal Patterns and Trends PDF Chapter 33 The Ethiopian manufacturing sector: Productivity - Soderbom Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Farming In Ethiopia, Agriculture Crops, Livestock The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Agriculture in Ethiopia. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Section D. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Agriculture. Agro-processing equipment (e.g. The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Agriculture in Ethiopia - Wikipedia The AMC was a government agency whose objective was to influence the supply and price of crops. 2. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. In order to reduce the severity of this problem, several agricultural development strategies have been implemented since the 1960's. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Search term. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. According to a 1987 estimate, beef accounted for about 51% of all meat consumption, followed by mutton and lamb (19%), poultry (15%), and goat (14%). 2. Ethiopia aims to reach lower-middle-income status by 2025. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Wubne, Mulatu. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The state of subsistence agriculture in Ethiopia: sources of output It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. The GOE has approved two different varieties of Bt cottonseeds for commercial cultivation. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. Climate change and specialty coffee potential in Ethiopia However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. Extent, Distribution, and Causes of Soil Acidity under Subsistence Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Trade. Agriculture | Free Full-Text | The Role of Smallholder Farming on Rural The soil was equilibrated with pH 7.5 buffer solution whereby reserve H is brought into the solution, which results in depression of pH which will be made and . Ethiopia: Urban Agriculture and Poverty Alleviation. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. The principal grains in Ethiopia are Teff, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. Production Efficiency and Agricultural Technologies in the Ethiopian Agriculture Introduction Inability to produce adequate food is the major problem of most less developed countries (LDCS). For the later two Regions, estimated numbers vary greatly between conventional and aerial censuses, but total less than 15% of the non-nomadic Regions. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia.